| | | | | diagnosis of cancer through handwriting analysis is |
| "Handwriting is brain-writing." Graphologists explain | | | | the case of Mrs. B. By medical standards, Mrs. B. |
| that the brain is the director of our physical as | | | | was found to be healthy from the date of her |
| well as our mental activity. Just as our writing | | | | first handwriting sample to the date of the third. |
| reflects our personality, so does it reflect certain | | | | One year after the date of her third sample, at |
| aberrations in our physiology. | | | | the age of 41, an advanced cancer was found, |
| It is widely accepted in medicine that with the | | | | and she died at 42. |
| development of cancer, certain neuromuscular | | | | The following samples are microphotographs of |
| disturbances of coordination take place. Since | | | | Mrs. B's handwriting. |
| handwriting constitutes the tracing of | | | | The first one (Figure 5) was written at age |
| neuromuscular coordination, the microscopic | | | | twenty-eight, the second (Figure 6) at age |
| characteristics of handwriting strokes become an | | | | thirty-three, and the third (Figure 7) at age forty. |
| important method for examining human | | | | The first sample, Figure 5, shows the typical |
| neuromuscular development. | | | | criteria of normality-that is, a mature |
| Alfred Kanfer, born in Austria and later imprisoned | | | | neuromuscular condition with a normal range of |
| in Dachau concentration camp along with his wife, | | | | coordination. Normality is manifested in the |
| is considered the pioneer of the graphological | | | | smooth, continuous flow of movement, both in |
| neuromuscular test for determination of groups at | | | | the descending and ascending strokes (uniform |
| high risk for cancer. He had an impressive | | | | flow of ink throughout the strokes and sharp, |
| 84-percent accuracy rate in detecting the disease | | | | continuous delineations to both sides of each |
| through handwriting. | | | | stroke). The strokes have an oval shape; the |
| What the Kanfer test does is to apply a | | | | turns from descending to ascending strokes are |
| neuromuscular tool to determine the presence or | | | | narrow, curved, and show continuity of |
| absence of such characteristic neuromuscular | | | | movement throughout. |
| disorders. The Kanfer test alone does not | | | | A regular pattern of heavier (wider and darker) |
| determine the presence or absence of cancer; it | | | | descending strokes and lighter ascending strokes |
| determines a factor associated with cancer. | | | | prevails throughout the sample. |
| Alfred Kanfer was released from Dachau; he | | | | The second sample, Figure 6, shows a marked |
| emigrated to the United States. He was an | | | | change. Although the overall pattern of heavier |
| outsider in the field of medicine-with a method for | | | | descending strokes and lighter ascending strokes |
| identifying cancer-prone individuals that was so | | | | is still preserved, the narrow turns have |
| highly unorthodox, that he had a stiff uphill battle | | | | disappeared, the writing spreads out widely, the |
| to prove his method and find acceptance for it. | | | | strokes are much weaker and highly unstable, and |
| What is surprising is the cooperation he received, | | | | in most of the ascending strokes, clear |
| throughout his more then thirty-five years of | | | | segmentations can be seen. |
| work, from many prominent doctors and | | | | (Segmentation means that continuity of |
| hospitals. | | | | movement is interrupted, and the direction of the |
| The Hospital for Joint Diseases in New York, the | | | | stroke is seen on microscopic examination to be |
| Preventive Medicine Institute-Strang Clinic in New | | | | wavering.) Clear interruptions between descending |
| York, the Equitable Life Assurance Society, the | | | | and ascending strokes are also visible. |
| Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and the | | | | The third sample, Figure 7, shows a breakdown |
| American Cancer Society provided financial and | | | | of every phase of the writing process. |
| material support for Kanfer's work. Their patients' | | | | The strokes are stiff or formless. The pressure is |
| handwritings were submitted to him for analysis. | | | | uneven, sometimes too heavy, and in other |
| The "Heart Tick" | | | | strokes too light. There are clear interruptions |
| Graphologists have determined that certain breaks | | | | between descending and ascending strokes, and |
| in writing, slight interruptions in the upstroke and in | | | | both types of strokes show marked, |
| the downstroke, especially in letters with loops, | | | | low-amplitude, high-frequency segmentations. |
| can point to heart disease. They call this break a | | | | "With these (and many such) findings it was for |
| "heart tick" and find it particularly in the | | | | the first time shown with statistical significance |
| lower-case h | | | | that the manifestations of cancer in handwriting |
| (see arrow, Figure 1). | | | | precede the manifestations of cancer by clinical |
| Another sign is abnormal dotting in the course of | | | | signs." (Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Diseases, |
| the writing "trail" (see Figure 2). | | | | April 1, 1958) |
| In the act of writing, a person with heart | | | | Setbacks |
| trouble-which is often accompanied by shortness | | | | Although Kanfer's handwriting test was |
| of breath-instinctively rests the pen on the paper, | | | | remarkable, he did make some blunders along the |
| as one would do with a stick when walking. | | | | way, which had to be corrected. While he was |
| Dr. Ulrich Sonnemann, a major contributor to the | | | | able to clearly separate the healthy handwritings |
| early development of professional graphology in | | | | from the ones indicating cancer or heart disease, |
| the U.S. whose book Handwriting Analysis as a | | | | he erred by diagnosing a considerable number of |
| Psychodiagnostic Tool (Grune & Stratton, 1950) is | | | | the heart cases as positive for cancer. In later |
| highly respected in the field, confirms that a | | | | studies, with sharpening of the cancer criteria, this |
| disrupted pattern of strokes can be indicative of | | | | cause of error was practically eliminated. |
| cardiac disease. Sonnemann adds that the specific | | | | A second error involved inappropriate use of |
| frailties and incomplete ataxias (the inability to | | | | materials and turned up when three tests were |
| coordinate voluntary muscular movements), which | | | | conducted under the auspices of the American |
| are marked by partial dotting of the course of | | | | Cancer Society. The first and third test ranged |
| strokes, have been discovered at very early and | | | | between 84 and 98.4 percent in the accuracy of |
| clinically undetected stages. | | | | detection of cancer. |
| Variations of Normal Handwriting | | | | The second study was the only one that failed. It |
| The foremost tenet in graphology is analyzing the | | | | was carried out on samples gathered at a Detroit |
| difference between a person's handwriting and | | | | cancer detection center. The reason for this |
| how he was taught to write. There are many | | | | failure, as later established, was faulty technical |
| shades of instructional technique in script, all of | | | | arrangements. The patients were made to write |
| which would be classified under "variations of | | | | with a hard glass plate as a writing support and |
| normal handwriting." When the writing differs to | | | | had to use a rigid, fine-point pen, a combination |
| the extent that it certainly was not taught to the | | | | that made the finer segmentations in the stroke |
| writer this way, that difference is analyzed. The | | | | practically invisible, even to the microscopic |
| "normal" writing sample is provided as a basis for | | | | equipment then available. |
| comparison. | | | | When this error was recognized, some changes |
| 1. Marked difference between downstroke and | | | | were made in the microscopic technique and |
| upstroke pressure in regular sequence throughout | | | | some of the samples were re-examined. Kanfer's |
| a given writing sample. | | | | results were then considered "very good" by the |
| Characteristics: Downsrokes are broader and | | | | Cancer Society. Nevertheless, this failure set his |
| show greater ink density than upstrokes. | | | | work back many years and demonstrated the |
| (1 and 2 in Figure 3). | | | | importance of technical considerations in research. |
| All downstrokes in a given writing have about the | | | | Unresolved Questions |
| same width, and so do all upstrokes. | | | | Many questions remain unresolved. What about |
| 2. Elasticity of strokes. | | | | the problem of a handwriting that "tests positive" |
| The width of downstrokes gradually increases | | | | when there is no medical diagnosis? What effects |
| toward the baseline, where they connect with the | | | | does that information have? What psychological |
| upstrokes, and at the same time the upstrokes | | | | harm can it do when there is no detectable |
| thin out slightly along their course. | | | | cancer to treat? |
| 3. Uninterrupted flow of movement through | | | | This problem affected Kanfer himself. He went to |
| downstrokes and upstrokes. | | | | the Strang Clinic doctors to tell them that he saw |
| Characteristics: Uniform, even density of ink | | | | positive indicators of cancer in his own handwriting. |
| throughout the length of downstrokes and | | | | They couldn't find the cancer until three weeks |
| upstrokes (1 and 2). Continuous, uninterrupted and | | | | before he died. |
| unwavering delineations of downstrokes and | | | | Although graphology's strength lies primarily in |
| upstrokes (1 and 2). | | | | personality evaluation, in which it achieves up to |
| 4. Uninterrupted flow of movement through area | | | | 98 percent accuracy, the statistical significance |
| of transition (3 in Figure 3). | | | | attributed to the Kanfer test remains great. The |
| Characteristics are as above. | | | | need for more research is vital. |
| Of specific importance is the uninterrupted joining | | | | Author's note: Please do not try to diagnose |
| of downstrokes and upstrokes, which requires a | | | | yourself or others using this technique. It takes a |
| maximum degree of neuromuscular coordination | | | | professional to recognize the nuances of change in |
| and is therefore of the highest significance. | | | | a handwriting sample. |
| Finding Cancer in Its Early Stages | | | | If you would like to view the images to this |
| A startling example of the accuracy of the | | | | article, please send a blank email to . |